MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information by the use of the radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeters, by using various electronic technologies. These are called microwaves. This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz. Also by using the formula ? = c/f , these correspond to wavelengths from 30 centimeters down to 1.0 cm. [In the above equation, the Greek letter ? ( lambda ) is the wavelength in meters; c is the speed of light in meters per second; and f is the frequency in hertz (Hz).]

In the microwave frequency band, antennas are usually of convenient sizes and shapes, and also the use of metal waveguides for carrying the radio power works well. Furthermore, with the use of the modern solid-state electronics and traveling wave tube technologies that have been developed since the early 1960s, the electronics used by microwave radio transmission have been readily used by expert electronics engineers.

Microwave radio transmission is commonly used by communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy.

The next higher part of the radio electromagnetic spectrum, where the frequencies are above 30 GHz and below 100 GHz, are called "millimeter waves" because their wavelengths are conveniently measured in millimeters, and their wavelengths range from 10 mm down to 3.0 mm. Radio waves in this band are usually strongly attenuated by the Earthly atmosphere and particles contained in it, especially during wet weather. Also, in wide band of frequencies around 60 GHz, the radio waves are strongly attenuated by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere. The electronic technologies needed in the millimeter wave band are also much more difficult to utilize than those of the microwave band.

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